Typologies

I thought this typology interesting and wanted to save it:
"Allete Smeulers (2014) provided the most extensive typology of perpetrators of international crime by distinguishing ten types,. It was constructed by predominanted motive. Perpetrators with authority and 'control of the society' such as political and military leaders are referred as The criminal masterminds. They are sui generis of international crimes. Associates and collaborators of The criminal masterminds that are interested in career advance are The Careerist. Emotionally and ideologically motivated with their own system of belief are The Fanatics. Very closed to them are The criminal or sadist: they are habitual criminals and/or pathological sadists with a low level of self control. The devoted warriors are blinded by the ideology imposed by high ranked perpetrators, they abide in the criminal state and have middle or low authority. This type is a sort of a link between high and low ranked perpetrators. The Professionals are members of specialized or militarized units who are trained to kill or torture. Characteristics of The Profiteer are opportunism, selfishness and greed. The Followers and The Conformist blindly follow the those above them and have several subtypes: the obedient follower, the naive follower and the admirer. Compromised perpetrators are the last group on a culpability scale. This is a particular type, which gets involved in crime due to special circumstances (Smeulers, 2008; Smeulers, 2004). Basically, this type of perpetrator is forced or pressured in the commission of the crimes.

Hillberg (1992, according to Smeulers, 2008) studied perpetrators from the Second World War and created a similar, but simplified version of Smeuler’s typology. He divided them into four types: careerist, fanatics, vulgarians and bearers of burdens.

Michael Mann (2005) argues that ordinary people and ordinary criminals can become perpetrators of international crimes. He called them ethnic cleansing perpetrators and created a typology differing: materialistic, careerist, violent, ideological, bigoted, comradely, bureaucratic, threatened and disciplined. The need for material things and egotistical interest in crime are characteristics of materialistic, careerist and violent types of perpetrators. A blind ideological belief system is the characteristic of ideological and bigoted perpetrators. Comradely, bureaucratic, threatened and disciplined types can be easily be manipulated with, they are low ranked perpetrators.

Gupta (2001) emphasizes three most important types of perpetrators. True believers are those indoctrinated and driven by ideology. Greed is the main motivation of the Mercenaries, they are profiteers who have some kind of interest in crime. Captive participants are perpetrators who are under the illusion of social reality or are involved and engaged in crime because of fear. According to Crelinsten (1993) there is only one specific group of perpetrators – torturers, from which three types stems, each is driven by different motive. Sadists are violent, likely to have a history of masochism and sadism. Zealots function under imposed deep beliefs and ideological matrices. Professionals are divided into three subtypes: conformist, careerist and perpetrator forced into the crime.

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